The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive framework for analyzing risk factors in oil and gas projects. The proposed approach in this study consists of several parts: In the first part, 19 common potential risks in the projects of the Pars Oil and Gas Company were finalized by using Lavasheh Validation method in six groups; these factors were identified through review of previous research and interviews with experts. Then, by using the best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method, we calculated the weights associated with the performance index of each risk. Subsequently, a new integrated approach based on the Failure mode and effect analysis and the hybrid method of Gray-Vikor relationship analysis under the fuzzy environment have been used to rank and determine critical risks. Finally, a multi-objective, multidimensional programming model has been proposed for assigning strategies to respond to each of the critical risks, which is used to solve the Epsilon-Limit approach. Based on the results, the risk of electric shock, Risk of leakage due to incorrect Bolting, Torque and Gasket and the trapping of clothing and body parts by the repairer between rotating and fixed equipment, respectively, as the most critical Risk factors were selected in Pars Oil & Gas Projects.

Financing is one of the key issues in investment contracts and the oil and gas industry. Oil and gas projects play an important role in the development of the economy of the oil-owning country, and therefore their implementation requires high costs and high risk. In financing oil projects, the subject and geography of the project are very important. These projects may be financed from financial or capital markets. Choosing the right financing for a project can vary depending on the physical, geographical, and political needs of the project. These methods include financing, usance, project financing, and so on. Since the financing required for these projects is done in the form of different contracts and depends on the project conditions, rights, and obligations of the parties, environmental characteristics, etc., in this article, we examine the types of financing and the possibility of using them in oil projects. We examine. In this paper, a descriptive-analytical method is used to analyze each of the financing methods

Main goal of this article is to study the concept of State Participation in Oil and Gas Projects. We tried to define the Concept, characteristics, reasoning and challenges around the phenomenon. State Participation as a way of cooperation between Host State(HS) and International Oil Companies(IOC), may be used as main contract or as a Term of Main Contract. Government reasoning for State Participation mainly focuses on taking Control and managerial tasks by the Government, achieve experience and expertise in operations and enhance in government take. Conflict of interest, problems in financing government’ s share of Costs and political interference in operations are main challenges of State Participation. Meanwhile, State Participation has some benefits: helps IOC and HS to improve their relations and mutual understanding, National Oil Companies (NOC) can take risk and responsibility for operations, NOCs can achieve experience and expertise in the field also, managerial knowledge of IOCs will be transferred to the NOCs.

In the last decade shale oil and gas reserves which were formerly not considered as oil and gas resources, with the advent of technology and the possibility of economic exploitation are considered as new energy reserves. This event is referred to as the "shale revolution" in the oil and gas industry. One of the mechanisms of risk management is the use of legislative and regulatory methods. In this paper, with regard to the experience of the countries active in this field, the control and management of shale project risks through legislation and regulation has been studied. To succeed in such projects in Iran, this paper concludes that the legal framework for the exploration and exploitation of shale reservoirs should first be established by the legislator and an institution composed of the Ministry of Oil, the Ministry of Energy (the water sector) and the environment should be established as the "regulator institution" Which can make necessary provisions in this area, grant licenses for exploration and extraction, and then oversee exploration and extraction operations in accordance with the laws and regulations

Delay is an event that increases the completion time of a part of the project, which is one of the main problems in the executive projects of the country and causes an increase in project costs as well as damages. Project delays pose significant risks to the project that are dangerous for the project to continue. These risks are of particular importance in oil and gas projects. The purpose of this study is to identify and rank the risks related with delays in oil and gas projects. The present study is applied in terms of orientation and quantitative in terms of methodology. The statistical population of the study is managers and experts of risk and delay in oil and gas projects in the country. Among these people,15 people were selected as the sample by judgmental sampling method. For data collection, two questionnaires of expertise and prioritization were used, both of which had validity and reliability. In the first step, the risks associated with project delays were extracted by reviewing project risk and delay articles. In the next step, these risks were screened using the Binominal test.11 risks had a significance coefficient higher than 5% and were excluded from the calculations. The remaining 8 risks were prioritized using the Codas distance technique. According to the data of the relative evaluation matrix and the scores of each risk, the risks of sanctions, inflation, and lawsuits and complaints had the highest priority, respectively. Finally, research proposals were developed based on significant risks.

Background and Aim: Satisfaction of the peripheral community is one of the most important issues referred to in the field of corporate social responsibility and sustainable development. Assaluyeh region, located in Bushehr province, has been a context for the growth and construction of several oil and gas projects in Iran and hence has turned into an important area of energy. However, the level of peripheral communities’ satisfaction with industrial plans still remained speculative or, at best, unscientifically documented in the Assaluyeh region. Considering the strategic importance of this region, the present study was designed to measure the level that which peripheral communities were satisfied with the oil and gas projects. Methods and Data: To do this, 400 people in the area were surveyed based on random cluster sampling. Dimensions of satisfaction were extracted based on the ISO 26000 model. Findings: According to the results of this study, the overall level of local people's satisfaction is not at a favorable level. Among the dimensions of dissatisfaction, the highest level was related to the quality of governance. Conclusion: The issue of local people's dissatisfaction requires serious attention from the governance system as there has been an unfavorable situation in all analyzed environmental dimensions. In the region, there is an ambiguity about the environmental situation causing the spread of unverifiable news. It seems that one of the primary solutions is to provide a platform that reports up-to-date environmental indicators. Key Message: The sustainability of the Assaluye region needs serious attention. Besides, a significant proportion of the indigenous population cannot distinguish between the various oil and gas companies located in this region. Hence, from the local people's point of view, the responsibility of interventions by any of these companies, whether positive or negative, is the subject of generalization to the entire policy-making system of the region.

Making long-term investments in the oil and gas industry to maintain the current production levels and increase its capacity is one of the ways to increase economic resilience in the country's upstream documents, including the resistance economy's general policies. In recent years, there have been intense sanctions on the country, especially in the energy field. The importance of proper use of China's allocated credit lines to finance these projects is revealed due to the high need for investment in oil and gas industry projects and the impossibility of covering the investment needs of this industry from domestic sources, and the challenge in effective communication with international monetary and financial institutions. Anyway, the conducted studies indicate serious challenges in using the capacity of these credit lines. For this purpose, this research tries to investigate these challenges from many aspects. After studying the background of the research and reviewing various sources, this article conducted targeted interviews with financing experts. Also, the challenges of using credit lines were extracted and classified into four categories: financial and economic, executive and operational, structural and institutional, and juridical and legal, utilizing the method of thematic analysis and focus group. The extracted challenges were exposed to experts to validate the findings. Finally, the formation of the focus group presented the corrective solutions for the use of credit lines to finance oil and gas industry projects.

Upstream oil and gas operations could have adverse impacts on the environment and society as well as the safety, security and health of people. Therefore, as a pre-condition to commence any oil and gas project, there must be a comprehensive ESHIA report, prepared and submitted by contractor to DOE, in which all necessary precautions and a concrete program are considered to avoid, control or reduce such impacts. ESHIA should not be aimed only for the stage of receiving approval for the project; it must also cover all stages during the life of a project and afterwards. Public participation for preparation of this report provides the opportunity for people who might be affected by the project to give their opinions and also monitor the programe. CSR as a part of the contemporary exercise of most IOCs supports and validates the contractual and legal obligations of IOCs to observe HSE while implementing oil and gas projects.

In this study, leaming intensity is measured in terms of labor cost savings and productivity growth through experience, as well as the effects of mergers  and acquisitions on technology learning using a learning curve and its effects on the performance of oil, gas and products companies. Oil listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange will be evaluated.The novelty of this article is to explain the direct and indirect effects of M&A (mergers  and acquisitions) in technology learning that leads to the learning curve model with the M&A factor in the oil, gas and petroleum products It can be seen that traditional learning through experience has not reduced costs by increasing cumulative production in refineries and petrochemical companies. Economies of scale have also failed to reduce operating costs by increasing production at refineries. Learning by research in refining and petrochemical companies has also reduced operating costs by a year, but is less severe. This study also shows that there is no direct effect of mergers and acquisitions on technology learning in the combination of refining and petrochemical companies. In addition, the indirect effects of mergers and acquisitions on technology learning are seen only in petrochemical companies.